What is one consequence of ice or frost on the wings of an aircraft?

The presence of ice or frost on the wings of an aircraft significantly impacts its aerodynamic performance. When ice or frost accumulates on the wings, it disrupts the smooth airflow over the wing surface. This disruption alters the wing's shape and can greatly increase the stall speed, which is the minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain level flight without stalling.

When the stall speed increases, it implies that the aircraft must fly faster to maintain safe and controlled flight under certain conditions. Consequently, pilots need to be more cautious about their flight and approach speeds, especially during takeoff and landing phases, where lower speeds are critical for safe operations. This can lead to increased distances required for takeoff and landing, potentially compromising safety, especially in adverse weather conditions.

The other options incorrectly suggest that ice or frost improves lift or decreases stall speed, or that it has no effect on performance, which does not align with the fundamental principles of aerodynamics.